Prometheus Bound

Aeschylus (c.525–c.456 BC), translated by Theodoridis, G., (contributor-contact-email)

Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound, composed between 479 and 424 BC, is a Greek tragedy centred on the Titan Prometheus, who defies Zeus by providing fire and knowledge to humanity. For this act, Zeus condemns him to be chained to a rock in Scythia, where the play begins. The opening scene features Prometheus being shackled by Kratos and Bia, symbolizing brute force and violence, with Hephaestus’ reluctant assistance.

The play explores themes of power, resistance, and divine justice, with Prometheus enduring his punishment while prophesying Zeus’s eventual downfall. He is visited by a chorus of Oceanus’ daughters and the Titan Oceanus himself, who advise Prometheus to yield to Zeus. Prometheus, however, remains defiant. Io, a mortal woman transformed into a heifer and tormented by Hera, then encounters Prometheus. Their shared suffering under Zeus’s tyranny is highlighted, with Prometheus revealing Io’s future and his own eventual liberation.

The play concludes dramatically with Hermes demanding Prometheus reveal a secret that threatens Zeus’s rule. Prometheus refuses, leading to a catastrophic climax where he is further punished by Zeus. The play ends with a display of Zeus’s might and Prometheus’s unyielding spirit.

Author Details

The ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus (c. 525–c. 456 BC) is credited as being the originator of the Greek tragic drama.

Born in Eleusis, in western Attica near Athens, Aeschylus was raised in a prosperous family, with his father, Euphorion, being a member of the ancient noble class of Attica, the Eupatridae.

Aeschylus initially worked in a vineyard, but experienced an epiphany when, according to the 2nd-century AD geographer Pausanias, the god Dionysus appeared to him in a dream - instructing him to pursue the nascent art of the theatrical tragedy. Aeschylus took this divine guidance to heart and began writing his first tragedy, which was performed in 499 BC when he was 26 years old. His talent quickly gained recognition, and he achieved his first prize at the City Dionysia contest in 484 BC.

Aeschylus’ life was interwoven with significant historical events. In 490 BC, he fought in the Battle of Marathon, defending Athens against the invading Persian army. His military service continued during the Persian Wars, with notable participation in the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, and the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC.

Aeschylus’ dramatic innovations included more expansive casts, allowing for complex interactions and conflicts. He is also credited with introducing trilogies, where three interconnected plays formed a cohesive narrative. His famous trinity, “The Oresteia,” consisting of “Agamemnon,” “The Libation Bearers,” and “The Eumenides,” explored themes of justice, vengeance, and the role of the gods in human affairs.

Despite his military and literary achievements, Aeschylus faced controversy in his later years when, according to Aristotle, he was accused of impiety for revealing the secrets of the Eleusinian Mysteries in one of his plays. However, he was acquitted, thanks in part to his distinguished record of military service.

Aeschylus died in Gela, Sicily, in 456 or 455 BC. His theatrical legacy was one of structural and thematic innovations that paved the way for future playwrights. Although only a few of his plays have survived intact, they remain as enduring classics of ancient Greek tragic theatre.

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Theodoridis, G.,

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