Selected Epigrams

Martial (c.38–c.104), translated by Kline, A. S. (contact-email)

Marcus Valerius Martialis, known as Martial, was a renowned Roman poet born in Hispania (modern Spain). His work comprises 1,561 epigrams across twelve volumes, written between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan. Martial, notable for establishing the epigram’s contemporary form, scrutinised the societal norms of Roman urbanity and his associates, while exalting his provincial roots. Honour and integrity appear to have been the qualities he most admired, despite his flattery of the many bad emperors of 1st century Rome (whom he censured directly after their deaths). Martial’s sharp observations offer a vivid portrayal of Rome’s societal dynamics and the brutality of its everyday life, providing valuable insights into the cultural fabric of the era.

Author Details

Marcus Valerius Martialis, commonly known as Martial, was born between 38 and 41AD in Augusta Bilbilis, Hispania Tarraconensis (now Calatayud, Spain). His parents, Fronto and Flaccilla, died during his youth. Martial’s early life, largely shaped by his provincial upbringing, was one of simple rural pastimes.

Educated in Hispania, a region noted for producing significant Latin writers including Seneca and Lucan, he moved to Rome around 64AD. His arrival in the city marked the beginning of a literary career.

In Rome, Martial’s life revolved around the patronage system. He enjoyed the favour of emperors Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and received various privileges, including equestrian rank.

Martial’s literary success began with the publication of “Liber Spectaculorum” around 81AD, a work related to the Roman spectacles. He continued to publish regularly, with his most notable works appearing during Domitian’s reign. His last book was written after a three-year return to Hispania, shortly before his death between 102 and 104 AD.

His twelve books of Epigrams, written between 86 and 103AD, comprise 1,561 individual poems, with 1,235 in elegiac couplets. They are celebrated for their wit and vivid portrayal of contemporary Roman life, earning him recognition as one of the best of the Latin epigrammatists.

Martial’s legacy lies in his unique, satiric portrayal of Roman society. He influenced Renaissance literature, and his style and themes continue to be appreciated today.

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Kline, A. S.

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